The Ganges Water Treaty (GWT) is an important agreement between India and Bangladesh that determines how the two countries share river water. Signed 30 years ago, it is due to end in December 2026. For decades, the treaty has helped both sides manage water flow during the dry season at the Farakka Barrage. However, river water levels have changed over time, and political relations between the two neighbours are currently under strain. As a result, renewing the treaty is no longer simple and has become a major test for India–Bangladesh ties.
How Ganges Water Treaty Was Signed
In 1977, India and Bangladesh first signed an agreement to share Ganga waters, followed by temporary arrangements. In 1996, with Sheikh Hasina as Prime Minister of Bangladesh, the two countries signed the Ganges Water Treaty for 30 years. The treaty established a system to share water at Farakka during the dry season using 10-day cycles and historical flow data. The sharing formula changes with river flow and includes emergency consultations if water levels fall sharply.
Why Renewal in 2026 Is a Big Challenge
Renewing the treaty is difficult today due to both water-related and political issues. The Ganga river basin is under pressure, with many parts of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, and West Bengal facing water shortages. In Bangladesh, the Padma River’s water level has dropped, affecting farming, transport, and daily life. At the same time, relations between India and Bangladesh have become tense following Sheikh Hasina’s removal in 2024. Differences between New Delhi, Dhaka, and the West Bengal government have added to the challenge, making trust the biggest issue.
